Advanced stages of emphysema and cor pulmonale require comprehensive treatment, including medication, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation, to slow disease progression and improve quality of life. The main treatment goals are to relieve symptoms, improve oxygenation levels, and prevent complications.
Drug therapy is an important part of late-stage emphysema and cor pulmonale. Bronchodilators such as salmeterol, formoterol, and ipratropium bromide can relieve airway obstruction and improve respiratory function. Glucocorticoids such as budesonide and fluticasone can reduce inflammation, but attention should be paid to the potential side effects of long-term use. Diuretics such as furosemide and spironolactone can reduce edema and improve cardiac function. Anticoagulants such as warfarin and low molecular weight heparin can prevent thrombosis and reduce the risk of pulmonary hypertension.
Oxygen therapy is a key measure to improve hypoxia symptoms, and long-term home oxygen therapy can improve survival rates. Oxygen flow rate needs to be adjusted according to blood oxygen saturation, with the goal of maintaining blood oxygen saturation above 90%. Portable oxygen devices are convenient for patients to use when out and about, improving their quality of life. Nighttime oxygen therapy can improve sleep quality and daytime mental state.
Pulmonary rehabilitation training helps improve exercise endurance and quality of life. Respiratory muscle training, such as diaphragmatic breathing and pursed-lip breathing, can strengthen respiratory muscles and improve ventilation efficiency. Aerobic exercise, such as walking and cycling, can improve cardiopulmonary function; it is recommended to do this 3-5 times a week for at least 30 minutes each time. Endurance training, such as upper and lower limb resistance training, can increase muscle strength and reduce breathing difficulties during daily activities. Nutritional support is also crucial; a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet can improve nutritional status and reduce respiratory burden.
Psychological support and family involvement are crucial for patients with advanced disease, helping them cope with the psychological stress and anxiety associated with the illness. Regular follow-up and disease assessments facilitate timely adjustments to treatment plans and the prompt detection and management of complications. Patient education, including disease knowledge, medication usage instructions, and lifestyle guidance, helps patients manage their condition and improve treatment adherence. Smoking cessation is an important part of treating emphysema and cor pulmonale, as it can slow disease progression. Vaccination, such as influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, can prevent respiratory infections and reduce the risk of acute exacerbations.
Although late-stage emphysema and pulmonary heart disease are irreversible, comprehensive treatment can effectively alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and prolong survival. Patients need to actively cooperate with treatment, maintain good lifestyle habits and a positive mental state, and seek professional psychological support and family assistance when necessary. Regular follow-up and disease assessment help adjust treatment plans in a timely manner and promptly detect and manage complications. Patient education and improved self-management awareness are important factors in improving treatment outcomes.