Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease closely related to genetic factors, mainly divided into type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Its inheritance pattern is complex and is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. Type 1 diabetes is a polygenic inherited disease involving the interaction of multiple gene loci, and environmental factors such as viral infections may also trigger its onset. Type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, has a stronger genetic predisposition, and family history is an important risk factor.
The genetic mechanisms of type 1 diabetes involve variations in HLA gene regions, which are related to immune system function and may lead to autoimmune responses that damage pancreatic beta cells. Environmental factors such as viral infections, diet, and lifestyle may also accelerate disease progression. The genetic basis of type 2 diabetes is more complex, involving multiple genes such as TCF7L2 and PPARG, which affect insulin secretion and sensitivity. Environmental factors such as obesity, lack of exercise, and high-calorie diets significantly increase the risk of developing the disease.
For individuals with a family history of diabetes, regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is recommended for early detection of abnormalities. Type 1 diabetes requires insulin therapy, including the combined use of basal and prandial insulin. Management of type 2 diabetes includes lifestyle interventions and medications such as metformin, sulfonylureas, and GLP-1 receptor agonists. A diet low in sugar and high in fiber, including whole grains, vegetables, and lean meats, is recommended. For exercise, at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, such as brisk walking, swimming, or cycling, is suggested.
Managing diabetes requires a comprehensive approach that considers multiple factors, including genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Early intervention and continuous monitoring are key to controlling the disease. Through scientific treatment and a healthy lifestyle, diabetic patients can effectively reduce the risk of complications and improve their quality of life.