Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease whose pathogenesis involves multiple factors, including genetics, environment, and physiology. Treatment includes medication, lifestyle modifications, and regular monitoring. The occurrence of SLE is closely related to genetic susceptibility; individuals with a family history of the disease have a higher incidence rate. Environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation exposure, viral infections, and drug reactions can also trigger the disease. Physiological factors, such as hormonal changes, especially in women during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, increase the risk of developing the disease. Trauma or surgery can also induce or worsen the condition. Pathologically, SLE involves an abnormal immune system, leading to autoantibodies attacking healthy tissues, causing inflammation and organ damage.
1. Genetic factors: Lupus erythematosus is associated with specific gene mutations, such as an increased risk of disease in carriers of genes like HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR3. Family history is an important risk factor, and regular health screenings are recommended for individuals with a family history of the disease.
2. Environmental factors: Ultraviolet radiation exposure may trigger skin lesions; patients are advised to avoid prolonged sun exposure and use sunscreen. Viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may also trigger immune system abnormalities; precautions should be taken to prevent infection. Certain medications, such as hydralazine and procainamide, may cause drug-induced lupus; caution should be exercised when using these medications.
3. Physiological factors: Changes in female hormone levels are closely related to the onset of lupus erythematosus; estrogen may promote the production of autoantibodies. Pregnant patients need to be closely monitored for their condition and should avoid pregnancy during periods of disease activity.
4. Trauma or surgery: Trauma or surgery may activate the immune system, leading to a worsening of the condition. Patients need to communicate with their doctors before and after surgery to develop an individualized treatment plan.
5. Pathological Mechanism: The core pathology of lupus is immune system dysregulation, which leads to the production of autoantibodies that attack healthy tissue. Treatment includes the use of immunosuppressants such as cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate mofetil, as well as anti-inflammatory drugs such as glucocorticoids.
Treatment for lupus requires an individualized approach based on the severity of the condition. Drug therapy includes corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics such as rituximab. Lifestyle modifications such as avoiding sun exposure, maintaining a balanced diet, and engaging in moderate exercise can help control the disease. Regular monitoring of disease progression and timely adjustments to the treatment plan are crucial. Lupus is a chronic disease requiring long-term management and active adherence to treatment to improve quality of life and reduce complications.