The main symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Male patients may also experience decreased sexual function or scrotal edema. Treatment requires targeted measures based on the underlying cause, including medication, dietary adjustments, and lifestyle modifications.
1. Massive proteinuria is a core characteristic of nephrotic syndrome, characterized by significantly elevated protein levels in the urine, which may lead to increased foamy urine. Patients need to undergo 24-hour urine protein quantification to determine the degree of proteinuria. Drug treatment may include glucocorticoids such as prednisone, immunosuppressants such as cyclophosphamide, or biologics such as rituximab; the specific treatment plan needs to be tailored to the individual patient's condition.
2. Hypoproteinemia is caused by a significant decrease in plasma albumin levels due to massive proteinuria, which may lead to symptoms such as fatigue and weakened immunity. Patients can increase their intake of high-quality protein, such as eggs, fish, and lean meat, while reducing salt intake to avoid worsening edema. Albumin supplements may be necessary, but should be administered under the guidance of a doctor.
3. Edema is a common manifestation of nephrotic syndrome, most often seen in the eyelids, lower extremities, and scrotum, and in severe cases may affect the whole body. Patients should restrict their daily fluid intake and avoid high-salt foods such as pickles and preserved foods. Diuretics such as furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide can relieve edema, but electrolyte balance needs to be monitored.
4. Hyperlipidemia is closely related to nephrotic syndrome and may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Patients should reduce their intake of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and choose foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil and nuts. Drug treatment may include statins such as atorvastatin to lower blood lipid levels.
5. Male patients may experience decreased sexual function or scrotal edema due to hormonal changes or edema. Prompt medical attention is necessary to rule out other secondary factors, such as diabetes or hypertension. Appropriate treatment of the primary disease and lifestyle adjustments, such as quitting smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, and maintaining moderate exercise, can help improve symptoms.
Treatment of nephrotic syndrome requires comprehensive management, with individualized plans developed based on the cause, symptoms, and individual differences. Through standardized treatment and lifestyle modifications, patients can effectively control their condition and improve their quality of life. Regular follow-up and monitoring are crucial to ensuring effective treatment.