Myocarditis in children is often caused by viral infections, abnormal immune responses, and genetic factors. Treatment requires addressing the underlying cause through antiviral therapy, immune modulation, and cardiac support. Myocarditis refers to inflammation of the myocardium. Children, whose immune systems are not fully mature, are more susceptible to infections and immune abnormalities. Viral infections are the most common cause, such as Coxsackievirus and adenovirus, which directly attack myocardial cells, causing inflammation. Abnormal immune responses, such as autoimmune diseases or excessive immune reactions, can also lead to myocarditis. Genetic factors may increase the risk in certain families; specific gene mutations may make the myocardium more vulnerable to damage.
Viral infection is a major cause of myocarditis in children, with Coxsackievirus, adenovirus, and influenza virus being common pathogens. These viruses enter the body through the respiratory or digestive tract, directly infecting myocardial cells and causing an inflammatory response. Antiviral treatment is crucial, such as using interferon or antiviral drugs, to help suppress viral replication and reduce myocardial damage.
Abnormal immune responses play a crucial role in myocarditis. Children's immune systems are not fully developed, which may lead to an overreaction to infections, resulting in damage to myocardial tissue. Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus can also cause myocarditis. Immunomodulatory therapies, such as the use of glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants, help control the inflammatory response and protect myocardial function.
Genetic factors may increase the risk of myocarditis in certain families, with specific gene mutations potentially making cardiomyocytes more susceptible to damage. Hereditary cardiomyopathies such as dilated cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may increase susceptibility to myocarditis. Genetic testing can help identify high-risk children early and facilitate preventative measures such as regular heart checkups and lifestyle modifications.
Cardiac support therapy is crucial in the management of myocarditis. This includes using diuretics to reduce cardiac workload, beta-blockers to improve cardiac function, and, when necessary, mechanical support such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A balanced diet is essential, avoiding high-salt and high-fat foods, and supplementing with foods rich in vitamins and minerals, such as fresh fruits and vegetables and whole grains. Exercise should be moderate, avoiding strenuous activity; gentle aerobic exercises such as walking or swimming are beneficial for cardiac recovery.
The occurrence of myocarditis in children is closely related to viral infection, abnormal immune response and genetic factors. Treatment needs to take into account antiviral therapy, immune regulation and cardiac support, combined with a healthy lifestyle to promote the recovery of cardiac function and reduce the risk of complications.